ࡱ> ~E(   @,robin.room@sorad.su.sejVwww.who.int/media/homepage/en/who_wto_e.pdfF/ 0|DTimes New Roman|=0Wo 0DWingdingsRoman|=0Wo 0 DCourier Newman|=0Wo 010DArialr Newman|=0Wo 0"@DArial Narrowan|=0Wo 0" ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` LDx   Er<Nb` c $@7uʚ;2Nʚ;g40d0d0@ppp@ <4!d!d 0Lh><4dddd 0Lh> k?jAlcohol and international agreements on trade and control: options for rebalancing in a globalizing worldkkjzRobin Room Centre for Social Research on Alcohol & Drugs Stockholm University robin.room@sorad.su.se 19th Nordic Conference on Alcohol & Drug Prevention, Reykjavik, 31 Aug.  2 Sept., 2003 fX2NY 0Nd5Global trade agreements and regional free-trade areas66$5>General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT, 1947 World Trade Organization  WTO, 1995 Pursuing agreements to open commodies and service to international trade Impact on alcohol control: alcohol often treated as just another commodity; controls often ruled to be inequitable in effectj' %eb' %eb  ;Some examples of issues under multilateral trade agreements<<;GATT disputes between EU, US, Canada: attacks on: Minimum price for beer Container levies GATT disputes between US and Japan, South Korea: Local lower-strength spirit and imported spirits forced into same tax band Tendency for disputes to be settled by increasing availability (least common denominator between commmercial interests) General Agreement on Trade in Services -- GATS, ongoing negotiations Potential impact on several areas of public health, including alcohol control Leaked documents from EU s proposals (e.g., to US, Canada): dismantle state alcohol monopolies 2Z(Z1ZKZAZ9ZEZZ2(1KA9E  BD"WTO Agreements and Public Health "#"$"$"Joint study by WTO and WHO 2002 www.who.int/media/homepage/en/who_wto_e.pdf No mention of alcohol Criticized as too optimistic a tendency "to over-estimate the capacity of science, and scientific evidence, to resolve disputes about health risks of traded products (Howse, faculty.law.umich.edu/rhowse/ Drafts_and_Publications/WHOWTO.pdf Current test of conflict between public health and WTO: "Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health , Doha, Nov. 2001 But follow-up negotiations dragged on; "11th hour agreement reached 28 August, 2003 Criticized in Africa: "not a feasible solution ; clauses inserted by the US "that effectively erased promises of the Doha Declaration (Reuters in NYTimes, 28August)4 ZBZZZ'Z8ZZZ B "'  8  "p"-"5"Y2 + 0 K3Regional, multinational, bilateral trade agreements44(3European Union and EFTA North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) 127 regional and other trade agreements European Union Failure to harmonize taxes, and large traveler s allowances force down alcohol taxes (Denmark, Finland) Alcohol advertising and promotion restrictions viewed as impediments to free trade Production and wholesale monopolies dismantled, retail monopolies under permanent threat Dww <Potential remedies: 1(Rattling at the gates: the example of the environmental movement Propaganda of the deed Developing expertise in arcane and hidden processes Continuous presence Difficulties Where is the generation of passionately committed youth? The alcohol industry has had a free rideTB_ bB_ b  Potential remedies: 2RAn institutionalized public health voice at the table Not just when agreements reached, but also: In dispute resolution process On adjudication panels Difficulties: Against the grain of the culture of trade agreements Even in EU, with expansion of jurisdiction to public health, trade issues tend to take precedence in case of conflict j6a6aQ  Potential remedies: 3LInclusion in 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances Clearly qualifies: "If the WHO finds that the substance has the capacity to produce a state of dependence and CNS stimulation or depression ... [and that it is] abused so as to constitute a public health and social problem ... Difficulties The 1971 Conference "did not intend to apply the ... Convention to alcohol Use and possession of a substance included in the 1971 Convention is to be limited to "medical and scientific purposes With some exceptions, a prescription regime is required 8 8" """:&  Potential remedies: 4A Framework Convention on Alcohol Control Precedent: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control the first WHO-sponsored legally binding treaty WHA resolution for feasibility study 1995 negotiations Oct. 2000  Feb. 2003 adopted by WHA May 2003, opened for signature 47 countries have signed comes into force with ratification by 40 countries ratified already by one (Norway) "framework convention or  convention/protocol model: establishing general principles, with protocols to be added with specific implementing measures creating "an institutionlized forum for cooperation and negotiation *Z3ZZZ3Z"Z8ZZ*33  ""7i";Q  lConvention requirements  domestic market measures: 177 6 jConvention requirements  domestic market measures: 266 5 Convention requirements  cooperation on international control: 1CC BConvention requirements  cooperation on international control: 2CCB\Convention arrangements  international bodies//.FCTC  tobacco: Conference of the Parties Permanent secretariat (WHO until established)&HHW 1971 drug Convention: Commission on Narcotic Drugs (reports to UN ECOSOC) UN Office of Drugs & Crime International Narcotics Control Board (WHO for technical/scientific advice in scheduling) *ZZCharacteristics of conventionsnAt least as much about internal markets as about control across borders the international agreements as a lever for internal policy change Creating an expectation of comity nations respecting each other s laws on legality International structure as a sheep-dog INCB s self-image: "Guardian of the Conventions HZDZ"Z1Z'Z2ZHD"1'   7(Relation to/conflict with trade treaties))$(DApparently not an issue with drug conventions: taboo? though pharmaceutical companies deeply involved in convention processes Unsolved issue with FCTC: Provision on relation with WTO discussed in final negotiating sessions, but no agreement: "several drafts circulated during the negotiation,... but the negotiators found it simpler not to decide. 'No deal is better than a bad deal  , said one public health advocate.6HZ6HZ " i   " F  Specificities for alcohol'Mostly concerning domestic measures (cross-border issues very similar as for tobacco & drugs) Licensing at each level of market much more important than for tobacco Option for monopolization of retail market Limitations of times and places of sales Harm reduction controls on the context of use0_&9'!The need for international action!Comparative risk analysis in WHO s Global Burden of Disease 2000: Smoking 4.1% Alcohol 4.0% (net, after subtracting protective effects) Illicit drugs 0.8% Plus social problems, as well as health for alcohol, at least as important^CY(#C,(#Looking globallyAlcohol important in BOD in developed countries Particularly important in better-off developing countries Developing world drinking patterns: Many abstainers Often much unregistered consumption Often hazardous drinking patterns (intoxication if drinking at all) Alcohol consumption increases with affluence Multinationals with their marketing pushing sales In a globalizing world, local and even national controls no longer suffice <yy ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> f(    6 3 P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  05   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0C ``  >*  0H `   @*  0K `   @*H  0޽h ? 33̙33 Default Design @8(  @ @ 0$ P#   >*  @ 0  #  @*  @ 6, P   >*  @ 64    @* H @ 0޽h9 ? ̙33 0$(  r  S @  r  S ̚0`    H  0޽h ? 33̙33  ` $(   r  S t_P   r  S   H  0޽h ? ̙33  p$(  r  S <   r  S <p  H  0޽h ? 33̙33  $(  r  S A   r  S J  H  0޽h ? 33̙33  $(  r  S L1P   r  S 2P  H  0޽h ? 33̙33  $(  r  S %P   r  S l&  H  0޽h ? 33̙33< @(|(  (D ( S [    While tobacco remains the most vilified of the legal vices, makers of fattening foods are now also being besieged by hostile lobby groups, lawyers, politicians and the media.... In contrast ... makers of alcoholic drinks have escaped the same level of scrutiny.  WHO under Brundtland  hasn t really engaged substantially in the alcohol area for fear of compromising WHO s work in cutting tobacco use . Last World Health Assembly resolution on alcohol was in 1983. Adam Jones, Financial Times 8 July 2003 ^P(P  d <H ( 0޽h ? 33̙33   $(   r  S `? `   r  S  $  H  0޽h ? 33̙33  ,$(  ,r , S RP   r , S S  H , 0޽h ? 33̙33  0$(  0r 0 S  XP   r 0 S  K  H 0 0޽h ? 33̙33#  k#c#DD4"(  4r 4 S 0   I"F  C D4 p0`!@  @ B4 @z@ ) 4) 4 6< + Z * "  Z 4 s *)@ )' 4)' 4 6(T tFCTC  tobacco : ""Z 4 s *)'@ '  4'  4 6pR  #1971 Convention e.g., amphetamine T """"Z 4 s *' @ ) 4) 4 6(+ w1Licensing of production, distribution, retailing *1 1"Z 4 s *)w@ )' !4)' 4 6TT Woptional (15.7) * "Z  4 s *)'@ '  #4'  4 6 R  m'required (8); also inspections (15) *' '"Z "4 s *' w@ ) %4)  4 6+ WRecord-keeping , "Z $4 s *)t@ )' '4)'  4 6T T- 6 " " Z &4 s *)'@ '  )4' #  4 6R  ;required for manu-facturers, distributors, retailers (11) *; ;",  !Z (4 s *' @ ) +4)  4 6+ o'Testing, measuring regulating contents ,' '"Z *4 s *)t@ )' -4)'  4 6T Trequired (9) * "Z ,4 s *)'t@ '  /4'  4 6|R  T- 6 " " Z .4 s *' x@ )  14)  4 6`+  XLabeling contents * "Z 04 s *) @ )'  34)'  4 6(*T  Rrequired for constituents & emissions (11.2); and for where to be sold (15.2.a) ,R R"Z 24 s *)' @ '  54'  4 6 0R  <(declaration of contents attached to export packages 12.2) :< ;""Z 44 s *' @  )`  74 )`  4 6T6+ `  dWarnings on or in packaging , "Z 64 s * )` @ ) '`  94) '`  4 6 <T `  _required, detailed (11) * "Z 84 s *) '` u@ ' `  ;4' `  4 6\AR `  Urequired (10) * "Z :4 s *' ` @ ` )@ =4` )@ 4 6x+` @ h Taxation B  "" " Z <4 s *` )@@ )` '@ ?4)` '@ 4 6T` @ Purged as  effective and important (6) *( ("Z >4 s *)` '@t@ '` @ A4'` @ 4 6$gR` @ T- 6 " " Z @4 s *'` @Z C4 s *h+ CH 4 0޽h ? 33̙33;  ::qq8F:(  8r 8 S Tm   9F @7  q8  `8@ =4  o8=4 |@ ) (8) 8 64o+ \ , " Z '8 s *)@ )  *8)  8 NtT  XFCTC -- tobacco , "Z )8 s *) ~@  = ,8 = 8 60z  ^1971 drug convention , "Z +8 s * =@ ) .8) 8 6+ q)Distribution free or in small quantities ,) )"Z -8 s *)}@ )  08)  8 6T  ]prohibited (16.2&3) , "Z /8 s *) j@  = 28 = 8 6  J- , "Z 18 s * =@ ) 48)  8 6\ + Vending machine sales "*Z 38 s *)@ )  68)   8 6dT  i!optional commitment to prohibit ,! !"Z 58 s *) j@  = 88 =  8 6  J- , "Z 78 s * ={@ )p  :8)p   8 6+p  [Self-service sales , "Z 98 s *)p @ ) p  <8) p   8 6@!T p  _optional ban (16.1.b) , "Z ;8 s *) p @  =p  >8 =p  8 6& p  x"(requirement for prescription 9) :" !""Z =8 s * =p x@ p )*  @8p )*  8 6N+p *  XSales to minors , "Z ?8 s *p )* y@ )p *  B8)p *  8 6TTp *  Yprohibited (16) , "Z A8 s *)p * j@  p =*  D8 p =*  8 6Y p *  J- , "Z C8 s * p =* @ * ) F8* ) 8 6+*  j"Liability of producers or sellers ," ""Z E8 s ** )@ )*  H8)* " 8 6DT*  lencouraged  for the purpose of tobacco control (19) ,6 6"Z G8 s *)* @  * = J8 * = 8 6 *  |&(confiscation of illicit goods 22.3) :& %""Z I8 s * * =@ ) L8) 8 64$+ j"Legislation against illicit trade ," ""Z K8 s *){@ )  N8)  8 6p)T  [required (15.4.b) , "Z M8 s *) @  = P8 = 8 6.  Prequired, as  punishable offence (22) ,( ("Z O8 s * =t@ ) R8) 8 6H4+ T Advertising ,   "Z Q8 s *)@ )  T8)  8 69T  ?banned if constitutionally allowed; otherwise restricted (13) ,? ?"Z S8 s *) @  = V8 = 8 6`?  m%banned to the general public (10.2) ,% %"Z U8 s * =@ ) X8) 8 6D+ eOther promotion, sponsorship , "Z W8 s *)@ )  Z8)  8 6HJT  ?banned if constitutionally allowed; otherwise restricted (13) ,? ?"Z Y8 s *) j@  = \8 = 8 6O  J- , "Z [8 s * =@ )X ^8)X 8 6U+X j"Limits on times, occasions of use ," ""Z ]8 s *)X@ ) X `8) X 8 6ZT X Eprotection required from tobacco smoke in indoor public & workplaces  FE"Z _8 s *) Xj@  =X b8 =X  8 6_ X J- , "Z a8 s * =X@ X)F d8X)F !8 6d+XF k#Providing and promoting treatment ,# #"Z c8 s *X)F{@ )X F f8)X F "8 6Enacting and strengthening legislation against illicit trade 6> ="" Z D s *T@ T  DT  D 6أT  erequired (15.4.b) 6 "" Z D s *T @  T  D T D 6, T erequired (21, 22) 6 "" Z D s * T@ 2  "D2   D 6+2  FCooperation with other countries and with international organizations 6F E"" Z !D s *2 D@  2  $D 2   D 6 2  $encouraged  as appropriate on policies (5), and  as mutually agreed on expertise and assistance (22) 6i h"" Z #D s * 2 @  2  &D 2   D 6 2   having due regard to ... con-stitutional, legal and adminis-trative systems , required for action against illicit traffic 6{ z"" >  8Z %D s * 2 @ 2  (D2   D 6L+2  :Requiring and exchanging import and export authorizations 6: 9"" Z 'D s *2 @ 2  *D2 V  D 62  to consider  developing a practical tracking and tracing regime (15.2.b) 6K J"" Z )D s *2 @  2  ,D 2  D 6 2  ]required; import authorization required before issuing a matching export authorization (12) 6] \"" Z +D s * 2 @ v .Dv4 D 6t+v tSupport other country s prohibition of specific substance 6: 9"" Z -D s *vt@  v 0D v D 6  v T- 6 "" Z /D s * v@  v 2D v D 6 v 5required to ensure no export to that country (13.2) 65 4"" Z 1D s * v@ v 4Dv D 6+v 1Sales and imports of tax- and duty-free products 61 0"" Z 3D s *v@ v  6Dv & D 6v  fmay prohibit or restrict  as appropriate (6.2.b) 63 2"" Z 5D s *v t@  v 8D v D 6, v T- 6 "" Z 7D s * vZ :D s *h+H D 0޽h ? 33̙33+  **0MMHH*(  Hr H S 8 @   )F  MH @(@   KH z@  H H 6+ Z * "  Z H s *@   H  H 6(K  bFCTC -- tobacco 6 "" Z H s * @    H  H 6"  g1971 drug Convention 6 "" Z H s * @  "H H 6+ -Marking products with destination and origin 6- ,"" Z !H s *@   $H  H 6H  crequired (15.2) 6 "" Z #H s * @   &H  H 6L"  =(export declaration including contents with package 15.2.b) 8= <"" Z %H s * @ 0 (H0  H 6h+0 7Monitoring & controlling of goods in transit or bonded 67 6"" Z 'H s *0@  0 *H 0l  H 6H 0 required for products held or moving  under suspension of taxes or duties (15.4.d) 6V U"" Z )H s * 0@  0 ,H 0  H 6l" 0 grequired (12.3.c&f) 6 "" Z +H s * 0@ 0  .H0   H 6\+0  OSeizure and confiscation of manufacturing equipment and goods in illicit trade 6O N"" Z -H s *0 @ 0  0H0   H 6ܶ0  =destruction of seized equipment and goods required (15.4.c) 6= <"" Z /H s *0 @  0  2H 0  H 6/" 0  crequired (22.3) 6 "" Z 1H s * 0 @   4H  H 64+  +Confiscation of proceeds of illicit trade 6+ *"" Z 3H s * @   6H  H 6  >to be adopted  as appropriate 6 "" Z 5H s * @   8H  H 6#"  ~*(covered by Article 5 of 1988 Convention) 8* )"" Z 7H s * @  :H H 6t)+ @Elimination of cross-border advertising, promotion, sponsorship 6@ ?"" Z 9H s *@   H  H 685"  T- 6 "" Z =H s * @  @H H 6;+ =Assistance to other countries on civil or criminal liability 6= <"" Z ?H s *@   BH  H 6A  eencouraged (19.3) 6 "" Z AH s * @   DH  H 6G"  S(5 of 1988 Convention has detailed provisions for collaboration on confiscations) 8S R"" Z CH s * @   FH  H 6N+  /Reporting requirements to international bodies 6/ ."" Z EH s * @   HH  H 6L  ^periodic reports, on a schedule to be agreed on, on laws, surveillance, taxation, trade, etc. 6^ ]"" Z GH s * @    JH    H 6D"   Lannual statistical reports; annual report on changes and developments (16) 6L K"" Z IH s *  Z LH s *h+H H 0޽h ? 33̙33d   @L(  Lr L S P   x L c $   r L S (p   H L 0޽h ? 33̙33  PX$(  Xr X S  %P   r X S T  H X 0޽h ? 33̙33  `\$(  \r \ S 5P   r \ S 6  H \ 0޽h ? 33̙33  p`$(  `r ` S `<P   r ` S =  H ` 0޽h ? 33̙33  l$(  lr l S 83P   r l S p'  H l 0޽h ? 33̙33sR #RRP__hQ(  hy h 6 ` aLeading risk factors for disease (WHR 2002) in emerging and established economies (% total DALYS)bbAX ;   O  h #"B6 #< h N@Ԕ ? u0.7 %55tt h Np#Ԕ ?` Iron deficiency55tt h N%Ԕ ? ` u1.8 %55tt h N4-Ԕ ?  Unsafe water & sanitation55tt h NhԔ ?0 u1.9 %55tt  h NԔ ?0 { Cholesterol   55tt  h NԔ ? u0.8 %55tt  h NgԔ ?` z Unsafe sex   55tt  h NtԔ ? ` u1.8 %55tt  h NԔ ?  Iron deficiency55tt h NԔ ?0 {2.0 %55tt h NԔ ?0 }Tobacco55tt h NԔ ?Y  {1.8 %55tt  h N,:Ԕ ?`Y   Illicit drugs 55tt h NLNԔ ? Y ` u1.9 %55tt h Nl0Ԕ ?Y  Indoor smoke from solid fuels55tt h NX2Ԕ ?0Y  u2.5 %55tt h Nh N;Ԕ ?0 u14.9%55tt ?h NBԔ ?0 { Underweight   55tt @h NQԔ ? ` ^ 55tt Ah NSԔ ?   Low mortality 55tt Bh N@bԔ ?0 ^ 55tt Ch NcԔ ?0 High mortality55tt  Dh NtԔԔ ?` Developed countries55tt Eh NuԔԔ ?` Developing countries55tt`B Fh 0o ?`B Gh 0o ?fB Hh 6o ?fB Ih 6o ?fB Jh 6o ?ZB Kh s * ?`fB Lh 6o ?fB Mh 6o ?fB Nh 6o ?fB Oh 6o ?fB Ph 6o ?fB Qh 6o ?fB Rh 6o ?SfB Sh 6o ?SfB Th 6o ?S fB Uh 6o ?S fB Vh 6o ? fB Wh 6o ?  fB Xh 6o ? U fB Yh 6o ? U fB Zh 6o ?U Y fB [h 6o ?U Y fB \h 6o ?Y fB ]h 6o ?Y fB ^h 6o ?fB _h 6o ?H h 0޽h ? 33̙33   p$(  pr p S |Z`   r p S 8[   H p 0޽h ? 33̙33rhPE RSUWY[c]egi*N]k0@0p\ rtOh+'0 `h  0 < HT\kAlcohol and international agreements on trade and control: options for rebalancing in a globalizing world Robin Room  Robin Room 3biMicrosoft PowerPointona@Ll@p%+m@JmG^ g  L& &&#TNPP2OMi & TNPP &&TNPP    3--- !---&G&Tw@ ww0- &Gy& --yHH-- @Times New Romanww0- 3.=2 u$Alcohol and international agreements         . 3.(2 Fon trade and control:      . 3.L2 .options for rebalancing in a globalizing world             .--Q1-- 3@Times New Romanww0- .2 + Robin Room . .K2 Y-Centre for Social Research on Alcohol & Drugso            . .%2 TStockholm University     . .(2 Drobin.room@sorad.su.se       .--E{-- }D@Times New Romanww0- {.E2 )19th Nordic Conference on Alcohol & Drug          . {.62 8Prevention, Reykjavik, 31 Aug. C   . {. 2 8J. {.2 8b 2 Sept., 2003 .--"System 0-&TNPP &՜.+,D՜.+,    ?On-screen ShowSoRadeeWu, Times New Roman Wingdings Courier NewArial Arial NarrowDefault DesignkAlcohol and international agreements on trade and control: options for rebalancing in a globalizing world6Global trade agreements and regional free-trade areas<Some examples of issues under multilateral trade agreements#"WTO Agreements and Public Health4Regional, multinational, bilateral trade agreementsPotential remedies: 1PowerPoint PresentationPotential remedies: 2Potential remedies: 3Potential remedies: 47Convention requirements domestic market measures: 16Convention requirements domestic market measures: 2CConvention requirements cooperation on international control: 1CConvention requirements cooperation on international control: 2/Convention arrangements international bodiesCharacteristics of conventions)Relation to/conflict with trade treatiesSpecificities for alcohol"The need for international actionPowerPoint PresentationLooking globally  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide TitlesX 8@ _PID_HLINKSA mailto:robin.room@sorad.su.se3http://www.who.int/media/homepage/en/who_wto_e.pdf"_3u Robin RoomRobin Room  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Current UserSummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document(WuDocumentSummaryInformation8Root EntrydO)0,gpCurrent User\SummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document(Wu,_3uGrand Htel ReykjvkGrand Htel Reykjvk